Spatial Marketing Patterns for Corn Under the Condition of Increasing Ethanol Production in the U.S.

Events external to agriculture have set in motion the conditions for structural change in the marketing of corn in the U.S. These included a rapid increase in the price of crude oil from $40 per barrel to over$100 caused by hurricanes, geopolitical events, an increased global demand for energy from countries like China and India, and in December 2007, the U.S. raising the renewable fuel standards. The results of this research show that there could be significant changes in the historical utilization and marketing of corn in the U.S. The change in movement patterns provides one source of visible evidence that a structural change is underway.ethanol, corn, spatial marketing, structural change, crude oil, Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q10, Q13, Q27,

The Social Economy in the European Union

The general objective of this report is to update the study "The Social Economy in the European Union" published in 2008 by the European Economic and Social Committee, expanding its scope to include all 27 of the current EU Member States and the acceding/candidate countries (Croatia and Iceland respectively), and examining the definitions, state, contribution, legal instruments and public policies surrounding the social economy (SE) as well as the impact of the economic crisis

Redefining government's role in agriculture in the nineties

The authors argue that government policies in agriculture have been costly and misdirected worldwide. For them, this inefficiency need not continue. The Urugauy Round is an ideal opportunity for developed and developing nations to strike a bargain. They suggest 1) making agricultural trade subject to the full discipline of the GATT by eliminating waivers and exemptions that have set agricultural commodities apart from other products in their treatment under the GATT, 2) bringing developing countries fully into the GATT, by eliminating their special status, 3) getting all countries to reform their agricultural policies, to reduce the many policy-induced distortions that plague the sector. The authors claim that such a bargain would result in a redefinition of governments'role in agriculture, increased sectoral efficiency nationally, and a more smoothly functioning and tightly knit world agricultural trading system.Crops&Crop Management Systems,Environmental Economics&Policies,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Economic Theory&Research,Agricultural Research

Democratic Enterprise : Ethical Business for the 21st Century

Published with the support of the Scottish Government and the Economic and Social Research CouncilPublisher PD

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in South Africa

Distorted incentives, agricultural and trade policy reforms, national agricultural development, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, F13, F14, Q17, Q18,

Land-tenure policy reforms: Decollectivization and the Doi Moi system in Vietnam

millions fed, food security, rice, Land tenure, Land reform, Doi Moi, Decollectivization,

The Role and Significance of Cooperatives in New Zealand Agriculture, A Comparative Institutional Analysis

Cooperatives and other forms of farmer controlled businesses (FCBs) are major players in a number of New Zealand's agricultural sectors and together account for a significant share of New Zealand's economic activity. The New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) has commissioned the New Zealand Institute for the Study of Competition and Regulation (ISCR) to examine the role and significance of cooperatives in New Zealand agriculture. The inquiry is intended to inform consideration by MAF of public policy issues that either currently or might confront New Zealand's important agricultural sector

New Forms of Employment

Societal and economic developments, such as the need for increased flexibility by both employers and workers, have resulted in the emergence of new forms of employment across Europe. These have transformed the traditional one-to-one relationship between employer and employee. They are also characterised by unconventional work patterns and places of work, or by the irregular provision of work. However, little is known about these ‘new forms of employment’, their distinctive features and the implications they have for working conditions and the labour market. To fill this knowledge gap, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify the emerging trends. This resulted in the categorisation of nine broad types of new employment forms. On the basis of this, the available literature and data were analysed; 66 case studies were also conducted and analysed to illustrate how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market

A distribuição de excedentes na legislação argentina de cooperativas e suas implicações tributárias

Objective: about a project of tax reform, which finally did not prosper, aimed at taxing the surplus of the cooperatives with the income tax, the article analyzes the nature of such surpluses in the Argentine legislation to support its non-subjection to the tax. Methodology: the different legal aspects that differentiate the surpluses of the cooperatives from the earnings of societies in general. Results: in light of current regulations, the peculiar nature of cooperatives is defined and characterized by analyzing the mechanism that the law imposes for the determination of surpluses and the procedure for their distribution, as well As the characteristics of the cooperative capital and the form of its remuneration, the return to the associates in case of withdrawal and dissolution, and the constitution of reserves of an irreparable nature. Discussion and conclusions: it is pointed out that, ultimately, the associates individually are subject to the tax. Concludes by noting the growing risks that cooperatives face in this matter derived from their confusion with lucrative societies, as of ever increasing fiscal needs.Objetivo: a propósito de un proyecto de reforma impositiva, que finalmente no prosperó, orientado a gravar los excedentes de las cooperativas con el impuesto a las ganancias, el artículo analiza la naturaleza de tales excedentes en la legislación argentina para fundamentar su no sujeción al tributo. Metodología: se examinan los distintos aspectos legales que diferencian a los excedentes de las cooperativas de las ganancias de las sociedades en general. Resultados: a la luz de la normativa vigente, se deslinda y caracteriza la naturaleza peculiar de las cooperativas analizando el mecanismo que la ley impone para la determinación de los excedentes y el procedimiento para su reparto, así como las características propias del capital cooperativo y la forma de su retribución, la devolución a los asociados en caso de retiro y de disolución, y la constitución de las reservas de naturaleza irrepartible. Discusión y conclusiones: se señala que, en definitiva, los asociados individualmente se hallan sujetos al gravamen. Concluye advirtiendo los crecientes riesgos que enfrentan las cooperativas en esta materia derivados tanto de su confusión con las sociedades lucrativas, como de las siempre crecientes necesidades fiscales.Objetivo: a propósito de um projeto de reforma impositiva, que finalmente não prosperou, orientado a tributar os excedentes das cooperativas com um imposto sobre o rendimento, o artigo analisa a natureza de tais excedentes na legislação argentina para fundamentar sua sujeição ao tributo. Metodologia: examinam-se os diferentes aspectos legais que diferenciam os excedentes das cooperativas dos rendimentos das sociedades em geral. Resultados: à luz da normativa vigente, deslinda-se e caracteriza-se a natureza peculiar das cooperativas e analisa-se o mecanismo que a lei impõe para a determinação dos excedentes e o procedimento para sua divisão, bem como as características próprias do capital cooperativo e da forma de retribuição, a devolução aos associados em caso de saída e de dissolução, e a constituição das reservas de natureza indivisível. Discussão e conclusões: assinala-se que, definitivamente, os associados individualmente estão sujeitos à tributação. Conclui-se com uma advertência aos crescentes riscos que as cooperativas enfrentam nessa matéria, derivados tanto de sua confusão com as sociedades lucrativas quanto das sempre crescentes necessidades fiscais